Hewlett Packard takes project management learning to a higher level Term Paper

Hewlett Packard takes externalize management learning to a higher aim - Term Paper Exampleency, productivity and profitability of their firm was cosmos negatively impacted by the lack of direct training they provided to middle management specifically project managers. Accordingly, the firm endeavored to change by providing a visionary and optimistic training program that proved to be the envy of many firms. As a means of understanding and appreciating the approach that Hewlett Packard engaged in, with respect to an all overarching project management and training program, the hobby analysis will seek to draw inference with respect to the key inputs of the deliverables for the project in question, how round of the challenges to the project management process may be defined, and the opinion of this analysis with respect to the quality of the project management that was exhibited within the gaucherie in question and why.The key inputs that provided the mechanism for change with re gard to the case in question are contingent upon the desire and wherewithal to change, investment in training, and promoting snapper concepts of interaction and parentage development. Within such a rubric, HP was focused on achieving a competitive advantage over their rivals by focusing on the quality of the training process and ensuring that the inputs ability to change, investment in training, and promoting core concepts of interaction and business development would serve as the platform through which a greater level of IT provision within the firm and a higher level of productivity.Of all the inputs, the investment in sequence and money that such a program required was immense. As such, many individuals outside HP would amaze been hesitant to commit such a high level of resources on a thus off the beaten track(predicate) unproven program that was intended to maximize future project organization and profitability within the firm. another(prenominal) relevant input that must be discussed is with regard to the training that took place prior to the program being offered at all.Rather than bringing in outside

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Research - Essay ExampleSpeaking in the footing of economics we need to strengthen first the factors of production to set up a new fortuity namely land, labour, capital and organization be it either service oriented or manufacture establish or even trading. The first and foremost necessity is the project with clear layers of strategic growth. One has to break land that covers building and machinery for the initiation. After the acquisition of the land, the entrepreneur has to move on proper legal keep such as Registration of the Firm. Once the registration is done furnishing its reference work of fund, annual estimated bid over, chain of man power and delegation of responsibilities we can precede further. Then it is important needs to the source of raw materials that have to be procured from the possible cheapest region with the lowest cost of transportation. Eventually we need a clear road map to market our product. Thus, every entrepreneur set the bridge of profit cr osswise the flow of the possible consumers.

Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

talking to - Essay ExampleLanguage and culture ar closely related, especially because language is part of culture. When considered individually, however, language and culture have a major impact on national identity. In this regard, Anderson is right in arguing that the mother knife is the medium through which fellowships are imagined, history is rebuilt, and futures fantasised among patriots1. First, it is important to explore the concept of nationalism since it has a broad bearing on the impact of language. Nationalism is a relatively new concept for just about countries this is because most countries are relatively young. In this regard, it could be said that the oldest countries have the strongest links to nationalism2. For example, it is hardly surprising that legal injury like Americanism, capitalism, and communism, liberalism, socialism and anarchism are more entrenched in Western societies than in African anes. These isms are not only foreign but also imposed, and lang uage is the vehicle used to facilitate much(prenominal) imposition. However, what differentiates younger from older countries is culture, because culture is rarely dependent on nationalistic ideals.In English in the World History, Diversity, Change, Seargeant and Swann explore the concept of globalisation and its connection to the spread of English3. Globalisation is often cited as one of the hindrances to nationalism and the development of nationalist ideals this makes it a prime candidate for the examination of the relationship between struggles all over the English language and struggles over national identities. The authors argue that the relationship between globalisation and English is two-way4. On one hand, the greater dynamism in society and the manner in which numerous facets of contemporary support function on an international rather than national level create a need for a standard method of communication that supersedes national boundaries. For example, if an enterpris e wants to trade with businesses in other parts of the

The Brand Perception Impact of Advertising for Starbucks Company Essay

The Brand erudition Impact of Advertising for Starbucks Company - Essay ExampleThese models are becomeed using historical sales and marketplaceing program data. Software of advertising media contribution models are used for marketing model performance (Mathieson, 2005).How does the management of a keep company know that they have best localization principle intention How does the management jazz to know that the company exit get expected results from the targeted marketing program object How the company will get the market share, growth in prices, buyers satisfaction and opposing advantage resultYet growth a company position scheme is not easy. Because companies do not develop their location scheme on frequent basis, yes the adjustments will be happen on the stage of ingathering market maturity, in response to environmental changes and on opposing forces but it does not mean that company is developing frequently. afterwards the success of the product, the company has th e right to change their product scheme but not their location scheme because it is not easy for any company either they produce their products on a large ordered series or on a small scale (Goodchild, 2001). The position of a company plays an essential fictitious character in the brands quality of a company (Day, 2002). Sometimes some errors are involved in the location scheme after the success of product. ... These location errors includeUNDERPOSITIONINGUnder positioning can happen when the buyers do not have certain ideas about the company and its product and do not have sluttish perceptions regarding both (Aaker, 1994).OVER POSITIONING This over positioning can happen when the buyers do not witting that how much money should be spent on the product because that product is available in market in much cheaper rates (Cravens & Piercy). So buyers have made their narrow thinking about the company, product or brand.CONFUSED POSITION Confused positioning happens in buyers when the f requent changes take place in the location of the brand (David, 1987). So buyers do not realized that this product is good for them or not. suspicious POSITIONING A product loses its credibility when cl drives are made on it.POSITIONING AND TARGETING STRATEGIESWhen management takes a decision to target several segments then the positioning scheme becomes challenging. The main goal of management is to develop an appropriate positioning scheme for each segment (Kanuk, 1999). The way of focusing positioning scheme should be used for each targeted segment. The brand positioning is the area where employees give their services and solve the problems of the targeted customers. If a company is on the correct location then it gives more benefits and gets differentiated from others which are necessary for attracting the buyers (BrandXpress blog, 2005).Research QuestionsThe aim of this research is to examine the effects of branding on the advertising of the Starbucks Company.ObjectivesResearch objectives includeTo review the literary works about this issue up till now.To improve the awareness about branding.To analyse the advantages and disadvantages attached.To investigate

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Management - Essay Example2005). This phenomenon creates an integrated man economy where production, trading and selling of goods and services reach beyond national and territorial boundaries.More than 40 years ago, economist and managers all over the world have been highlighting the vital role of call forth in the process of economic development. Most of them pointed out that unregulated markets, left to their own devices would polarize the distribution of income where small and medium size companies will be suck-up into corporate giants. To some extent, this would create confusion, panics, crises, recessions, and depressions. Along this corresponding line of framework, in order to survive, corporations and businesses would need to find more innovative strategies to cope with the emerging industrialisation and economic developments. The pressure is now on the hands of international managers as how they can strengthen their companies in order to face the difficult changes of a hi ghly competitive and open market.A key cipher that often puts companies out of business is competition. This is a major headache among business managers and planners. However, on the positive side, competitors be essential to spur companies to strive to do better. Although competitors have a potential of derailing a business, they are similarly indispensable learning tools for managers who want to get ahead of the competition-both today and for the future. By replicating and enhancing the strategies of the opponent, one can place the other in their own game.Before a manager takes a move, an inventory of competitors should be taken. In order to gain an upper hand, it is not enough that we study the competitor. We have to learn to anticipate their responses to legitimate situations through the use of game theory, simulations, scenario planning and conjoint analysis. This would broaden your range of options for reacting to moves of the competitor. Also, a deep accord on how chang es in technology and public policy can

Why does tayo wants to be white smoke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why does tayo wants to be egg duster mickle - Essay ExampleTayo portrays himself as formless as white smoke and refuses to talk to the doctors as white smoke is invisible. In his guilt and trauma he wants to become the white smoke because white smoke has no consciousness of itself and in becoming invisible and oblivious he was granted a safe heaven, where nonentity steep or dreaded penetrated.Losing consciousness and becoming invisible allowed Tayo to leave the painful memories fucking and exit the war and the reality and the guilt of Rockys and Josiahs death. The smoke had been dense visions and memories of the past did non penetrate there, and he had drifted in colors of smoke, where there was no pain. (Ceremony) 1. For him the smoke was a barrier against the pain, where visions and memories of the war did not infiltrate. This barrier of white smoke made him fell safe and secure from the awful reality ring him.The doctors further aid him in feeling like white smoke by ke eping him drugged, helping him to maintain a state of unconsciousness, oblivious of all things surrounding him. Their medicine drained memory out of his thin arms and replaced it with a twilight cloud behind his eyes. The medicines induced a state of stupor for Tayo, in which his thoughts, memories and consciousness get lost as if in a fog. Instead of helping him they simply let him believe that he indeed is white smoke.To Tayo living or becoming white smoke is a way of escaping reality and the ugliness of the war. By keeping his memories at bay he tries to create a place where he is safe from the horrific visions of war and the death of his relatives. A place where he dose not have to feel chargeable for killing his uncle Josiahs or for not being able to protect his cousin Rocky from

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Paraphrasing - Essay ExampleWhile analyze the results for CO2 and H2, hydrogen brag follows the Ideal Gas Law producing the major component of gas. The data cogitate to the first two trials of H2 was not considered for the fact that the gas had got away from the flask that is why the average of H2 produced in moles appears lesser than moles of CO2 produced. The reaction of Mg and HCl gave a more ideal gas product than the gas product from the CaCO3 reaction. The Ideal Gas Law has its own limitations in assuming that the gas particles do not attract each other and they do not have any finite volumes. These assumptions explain the inequality between actual yields and the theoretical yields of the gases. If van der Waals equation is to be used for calculations then the difference volition significantly narrow down because the equation bears in mind the volumes and attraction of the gas particles. Gas particles leakages save explain the inaccuracy of the results. It would be approp riate to repeat the experiment with the correct volume of the gas in the governing body to eliminate this

Online trust in Singapore context Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online trust in Singapore context - Assignment Example8 (a). The table below shows Spearman correlation analysis mingled with good product guarantees and products arrive in good condition, where the rows form the respondents opinions in good run and the columns flirt the frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to the opinions.8 (b). The table below represents spearman correlation analysis surrounded by security information explained and safety of credits cards guaranteed, where the rows represent the respondents opinions in good services and the columns represent the frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to the opinions.8 (c). The table above shows spearmans correlation between uses of in the flesh(predicate) details explained and personal details kept confidential where the rows represent the respondents opinions in good services and the columns represent the frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to the opin ions.The 8 (eight) tables above are frequency tables that represent various variables analysed in question 10 of the survey. The variables are see to it, Number of respondents, Disagree, Not sure, Strongly Agree, Strongly Disagree, skipped and Total number of Respondents.10. The table below shows Spearman correlation between, Whether the website looks and works generally the identical as other online stores and The whole website experience is normal and without any unexpected situations (e.g. the appearance of pop up ads) where the rows represent the respondents opinions as regards their trust in an online store and the columns represent the extents and frequencies of the respondents structured answers in relation to their wakeless levels of trust.12 (a). The table below shows Spearman correlation between presence of forums in the online store for you to check and address issues with other customers and if users post incorrect

Art of the renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art of the renaissance - Essay standardI am trying to persuade ane of my patrons to support these young men and so it was a fortunate coincidence that allowed me to come and view your works at the same time. I very much(prenominal) enjoyed my visit to that quaint dwarfish corner of the city behind the Cathedral of San Marco. It was approximately interesting to grab the new works that Fra Angelico is doing for the monks there and I do believe that they will soon be finished. I dont expect you will be permitted to view them, my dear, because the monks will hardly be active to open their doors to even one so beautiful as you, on the grounds that you are a women and hence forbidden to enter their hallowed rooms. I do assure you, however, that Fra Angelicos frescoes are superb and truly a masterpiece worthy of this fine city of ours. I happened to meet him when I was culmination out of the tavern, and he says that there has never been a more glorious time or govern for art than our beloved Florence at the present time. When I told him that I was coming to see your paintings, he was most intrigued and informed me that he had indeed spied one or two young women carrying easel and paints and setting out their wares for sales event at the marketplace alongside the boys. My how times shake changed since my youth I always fork up kindly memories of your innocence and beauty since the solar days when I used to visit your father so many long time ago. Your mama told me that one day you would be married to young Giovanni and live in that beautiful habitation by the lagoon. It is so very pleasing to see you all grown up and experimenting with art in your spare time now that you have settled down to married life. I expect that you have very little time for painting now, what with all your wifely duties, and so it is all the more sufficient that you should have a chance to hang your paintings in public just for once before you have a family. I must say that I f ound your paintings delightful in their naive and safe depiction of womanly habits. Your appreciation of the intricacies of female dress gave me a glimpse of the ladys fertilisation room, and I am sure no man could have captured the mood of these scenes quite as sanitary as you have managed it. Of course, there are some technical points that you have yet to learn, but I feel that I can excuse some such faults in your composition because you have not had the benefit of formal tuition in the way that my young Florentine apprentices have had. They will one day astonish us all with their brilliance, because they can match the power of the imagination with the skill acquired finished long training at the feet of master artists. But you, my dear, have studied your subject good, and your pictures will no doubt be very useful as gifts to your adoring friends and family who will adorn the walls of their private spaces with your little oeuvres. I was particularly impressed with your copi es of the work of Michelangelo. I expect that he will one day be revered across the whole of Europe, because he captures the spirit of our age so perfectly. You would do well to copy his work more in the future, if you have time to continue your hobby, because he will determine you so many wonderful things about space, and proportion and texture things that you could have learned about if you had been a man. As it

Special Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Special Interests - Essay ExampleThese invade groups lobby slightly with the help of their members who are a startle of the several legislative organizations (Jaatinen, 1998). Their role is proactively driven towards the political parties for whom they longing to serve in the long run. These intimacy groups do their utmost to elect politicians who have a peachy enough idea of their related cause and have the right kind of empathy for their settings. These interest groups recruit individuals who washbasin have hidden and on other occasions, propaganda movements which might be quite extrovert in nature. iodine unavoidablenesss to know that many interest groups exist at heart any society in this twenty-four hours and age. These involve the different economic groups which have at heart them the various chambers of commerce, the trade unions and a some factions that belong to the religious groups. Also the professional interest groups comprise within them the doctors, lawye rs, business muckle, architects and skilled workers. The mankind interest groups focus more towards the environment and look after the issues which plague the people more than anything else, on a one to one level. The aim here is to provide people with benefits as much as possible. Then there are the special interest groups which are part of the subgroups that are formed within larger groups and where the main focus is upon a narrow interest area. The need is to know that these interest groups are very different from the pressure groups. Since these interest groups have a proper definition of their intentions and mission, their supporters take a stance for these interest groups at every level and on all forums. The ones who support it are of the perspective that these interest groups depict what others should feel about their own selves and the community that they are a vital part of. Many individuals believe that these interest groups have a hidden agenda behind their instituti on which may not be right. Quite a few eyebrows are raised when one questions their existence and formation. The need is to discern some interest groups that have made their mark throughout the world over the years. These include the NEA which has been a proactive supporter of educational professionals and has done immense work at raising the standards of these people over the years. Then there is the example of NAACP which guarantees that social, political, educational and economic equality of rights of the people are there and also to remove hatred and discrimination which crops up in the name of race (Blom, 2006). The role of these interest groups is important to understand and more so in the times much like today. This is because they pinpoint the searing issues which make their mark within a society, for good or for bad. They shift public opinions in a positive way which is an essential aspect of their formation in the first place. If people connect with these interest groups well, then their roles are magnified and purposes are served well. If this does not happen, then there are immensely evidentiary concerns which must be taken care of, and the sooner it happens the better it will be for people within any society of the world where these interest groups exist and make their essential mark within the lives of the people. 2. discuss the relationship between interest groups and political parties. The linkage that has come about between the interest groups

Blog critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog critique - Essay ExampleIt heavy on collecting the marketing and advertising materials that reveal the interface between Coca- Cola drink and its consumers. finished the extensive photographic collections that catches local and international distribution, the archivist used those resources and created a communicate focusing on late culture and heritage. However, criticism has risen from various groups and individuals concerning a variety of issues. Primarily, they include environmental matters, business practices, and health effects. The companys products and subsidiaries have sustained criticism by both watchdogs and consumers particularly from the onset of 2000s.The health aspect of the Coca-Cola drink has been in the spotlight severally with questions being raised on its disadvantages. Critics have a great deal suggested that the drink leads to obesity and should be considered to be unhealthy. Unbottled is a intercommunicate created by the company to be a platform whe re people could share ideologies about the history of Coca- Cola, advertising, collectibles and the role of the brand in the pop culture. This blog provides unique opportunities for individuals to voice their opinions hence influencing the decision makers directly in a company. The basal purpose of this blog was to introduce the business to social marketing platforms and create a community whereby opinions can be reviewed. The blog creates a sense of community through interactive posting of comments and questions for discussion giving us an luck for creating interactions.Through the blog, I have felt more connected to the company in various ways. This has originally been enhanced by the integrity portrayed by the response team. Not only does the blog produce on the companys welfare but portrays strong, inspiring leadership skills that can be employ by the clients. Consistent social interactions demonstrate clear objectives that have been established and the relationship between

Issues of Faculty Training for Online Courses Research Paper

Issues of Faculty Training for Online Courses - Research Paper ExampleThe authors incorporates qualitative research in educations so as to mitigate the issues circumventing around online trainings based on knew knowing patterns. The authors takes an approach of sociological placement but showcases alterations in conceptualization of qualitative research resulting from feminist and post-structural thought.The emphasis on technology and qualitative analysis software in qualitative research assist efficiency stakeholders and learners in technology physical exercise as well as its efficient installation and incorporation which is beneficial to online training. However the outstanding issues in online training such as faculty compensation, faculty workload and faculty selection need to be addressed urgently.Compensation and incentives are motivating factors to faculty and hence should be addressed based on bleed-load, incentives and perks and promotional (In Shattuck, 2014). The Facul ty Workload is also a factor it determines the number of hours work and not how course count. This also incorporated class sizes. Another issue is the issue of Faculty Selection which is the driving draw and quarter behind distance education program. There is need for proper selection of academically qualified faculty to deliver. This should consider academic review with increased technical and instructional skills. Computer proficiency should form the major benchmark for faculty selection as there is not automatic guarantee for those who have excelled in some fields to be good online

Personal Statement of Purpose for MA in Criminal Justice to Loyola

Of Purpose for MA in illegal Justice to Loyola University of Chicago,IL - Personal Statement ExampleThis foundation I suppose bears enormous impact on my decision to pursue further studies involving criminal justice system. Through my work as a film director of a commercial department back in Russia, I obtained profound realization of the immense outlay there is in building peoples confidence at work. I used to contend six people at this stage and treating each of them with fair amount of reward or potency deserved became essential as it reminds every person that justice does exist. During my undergraduate years prior to this, I studied diligently and was also conscientious of taking academic details in account so that as early as this period I had already practiced even distribution of zippo to each scholastic assigned task besides wise management of time. At school, I do sure that I could get my points across with adequacy in any aspect without offending the other party and in return, allowed others to be listened to sincerely. Such endeavor has not ceased to this age and even while I took up Management in Social Sphere which was another huge step in my erudition to adjust with different kinds of people and value deep human relations where everyone is synergistically encouraged to express assorted opinions with respect to social matters that tap into politics and economy in general.

Investment between China and Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment between China and Africa - Essay ExampleThe researcher states that many studies earn shown that China is currently the major destination of foreign direct investment from many parts of the world. However, Chinese have also been aggressive in making investments in other foreign countries with African neighborhood being their major target. Just homogeneous many other developed countries, China has been engaged in a vicious competition with other countries like the USA and other developed European countries like the United Kingdom in the scramble for resources in Africa. This has been attributed by the fact that Africa is currently the leading unstained with so much untapped potential that includes unexploited natural resources and availability of abundant business opportunities resulting from the unexploited nature of most of its countries. This has made governments of various states apply different strategies in order to have at least a significant pie in these developin g economies, i being creating good relationships. China is one of the giant economies in the world today has been applying all means possible in luring African countries to get down into treaties and good business relations, a factor that has made some of the major Chinese companies establish their operations in Africa. Some studies have shown that China is the leading bilateral trade partner with Africa, a nonpartisan trade that has dramatically been growing in the past two decades through the major growth has go through in the last one decade. In the year 2011, the bilateral trade between China and Africa is estimated to be over US$166 billion from US$10.6 billion in the year 2000. This growth can unaccompanied be termed as incredible and is likely to grow at an even higher rate in the coming years.

Industrial Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Business Management - set about ExampleNot a cure all, it has definite limitations- just as it has great possibilities and excellent go in of accomplishments. Operations investigate broadens and formalizes the basic principles of scientific management and uses the methods long applied to problems in physical science. When a business man faced with a marketing problem that involves variables employs algebra to calculate the best time to parcel out his product, he is using the trading operations research approach. Instead of studying insects, or atoms, or heart diseases, want most sciences, operations research studies men and machines in action. And it employs the talents of a team of scientists, rather than man. Operations research teams include physicist, political scientist, mathematician, economists, engineers, psychologists, and on down the line of practically every science- physical, biological, social or human. confront with a problem, an operations research tea m gathers every piece of information which bears on the situation. These dates are translated into numeric terms by using the tools of algebra and calculus, differential equations, geometry, statistics, and symbolic logic, among others. What is appalling to layman, however makes good sense to the operations research specialist. ... Operations research does not have to include mathematics however, it can be unprejudiced too. Operations research is therefore, is an applied science utilizing all known scientific techniques as tools in resoluteness a specific problem. It is likely however that the operations research should not be classed as a branch of engineering. It is an organized activity with more or less defined methodology of attacking impudently problems and finding definite solution. The operations research technique is most useful in military operations than in non military operations. The most important single mathematical tool of operations research is opportunity and statistical theory. The data upon which the research is based will come, for the most activate, from statistical studies of operations. Statistical analysis is part of the observational aspect of operations research. The operations research is successfully practiced in military operations One of the classical example is that of astuteness setting of a depth charge (a kind of barrage used for underwater explosion at pre specified depths) to be dropped by an aircraft against submarines. Initially, the attacks were unsuccessful as the submarines were describe sunk. Using available data and simple analysis it became clear that if the depth setting was reduced and the pilots were instructed not to drop the depth charge if the submarines had already submerged for more than half a minute, one would suffer the average number of submarine sunk for a given number of attacks by more than ii times. Thus there was no need to develop and influence fuze to improve the effectiveness of dept h charge. This recommendation was accepted and implemented. Subsequently, enemy intelligence reported that perhaps a

Human factors in aviation accidents Essay Example for Free

hunt downer-hearted factors in strain strokings EssayAs a result of researches that accept the conception of world factors in hallucination management, the air industriousness likewise began to take initiatives to reformat aviation governances. The aviation industry shifted to a more(prenominal) open elaboration that valued communication and at the aforementioned(prenominal) time discernd that piece being illusion willing always be certify but through time and more advanced studies can be reduced further (Sexton, Thomas Helmreich, 2000). Al approximately all aspects have been looked into. woof and training processes were raised to a different level. While technological skills were super valued before, they have been put up to be inadequate in dealing with preventive concerns. Selection of aircrew now includes processes that determine their powerfulness to learn from errors and to be make out team players. There also has been a new show up for training non only the pilots, but the entire crew is trained. There are also a mounting build of noises that are beingness tested for their military issueivity to modify behavioral patterns that could injure a systems safety.Because crew resource management (CRM) unsuccessful person is implicated in most aircraft chances, CRM training programs, which began as a part of a National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA program in 1979, began to be widely received by aviation organisations. Now on its 5th generation, CRM trainings for the crew have been conducted by major airlines and even the navy. The CRM training program encompasses many aspects of aviation safety such(prenominal) as situation awareness, assign management and communication (Thomas, 2004).The 5th generation CRM programs can be viewed as a tool to in effect manage errors. CRM combats errors in three ways obviously, the first one is the avoidance of error the second gracious Factors in line Accidents 10 one is the suppression of the error before it happens and third, the mitigation of the effects of the errors should it non be avoided (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). The focus of the 5th generation CRM is the normalization of errors whether due to active or latent failures and the phylogenesis of strategies to manage these errors (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999).Although CRM programs focus on human errors and its effects on aviation safety, it is never entirely a behavioral training. After all, if you recall, a productive system is an interaction of human and expert factors. so, CRM is not to be taken as a stand-alone program. It is meant to be incorporated to technical trainings where the crew has to be estimable in the operation of modern aviation technology and at the same time has to learn non-technical skills such as effective communication, coordination and teamwork.Despite the fact that intervention programs like the CRM has been introduced and conducted for crews in major and regional airlines for the 2 decades, the percentage of CRM failures in aviation separatrixs remained relatively flat (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). Although initial results of CRM programs have been found to be further such that authoritative results were seen more or less immediately after the conduction of the program, it was soon obvious that such results were passing(a) (Taneja, 2002). What could have happened that prevented such interventions to perform as expected?Helmreich Merritt (2000) offers an explanation at least for CRM. First, not everybody responds to CRM training. near may have become little accepting of CRM after the training. Although attitudes do not necessarily fructify behavior, it has been a well-known maxim that those who reject a concept are more likely not to follow the principles that it imparts. (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 11 Culture national, passkey and organisational is also a prodigi ous factor that determines the level of acceptance for a CRM concept (Helmreich Merritt, 2000).When CRM was introduced to other national cultures, it soon became evident that trustworthy CRM concepts can either be readily accepted or rejected depending on the national culture. Cultures such as China and many Latin American countries that test the importance of absolute power and ascendance of their leaders will necessarily be less receptive to the idea of subordinates disbelieving the decisions of their leaders, than cultures that are less hierarchical (Hofstede, 1980 as cited by Helmreich, Merrit Wilhelm, 1999).While CRM programs encourage subordinates to be more assertive in questioning their leaders, junior crew members in these cultures are quite disinclined to do this because of fear of showing disrespect. These same cultures are also collectivistics who stress interdependenc and the necessity to work together for a common goal. In contrast, American and European culture s, which are highly respective(prenominal)istic, give more value to independence and more priority to individual goals.The value of teamwork and the need for coordination will most likely be readily accepted in the cause than in the latter. There are also High Uncertainty Avoidance cultures like Greece, Korea and many Latin American countries that prefer CRM concepts already specifying required behaviors. Cultures that are low in Uncertainty Avoidance tend to be more flexible when it comes to behaviors but have heavyy adhering to standard operating procedures.Furthermore, this kind of culture, along with non-collectivist cultures are more questioning with regards to the usage of automation spell High Uncertainty Avoidance and collectivist cultures accept the idea of automation usually without, or relatively less, questions. Intervention programs such as CRM should wherefore not be patterned after a single national culture. From the discussion it can be seen above that autocratic cultures can also Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 12 value teamwork and mutuality than non-autocratic cultures (Helmreich, in press).Cultures exhibiting difficulty of adherence to SOPs may be more innovative when dealing with fabrication situations not covered by procedures. In contrast, cultures who stress strict adherence to rules may find it difficult to be more flexible in new situations. Although CRM programs require behavior modification, certain beliefs ingrained into a culture are quite difficult to modify. If CRM has to attain widespread global use, it has to design programs that are congruous to national culture and yet still enhances safety.Error management should thus be embraced as a culture in itself. Focusing on threat and error management as goals, training programs should not aim for a total reversal of norms and beliefs but rather for a drawing out of positive behaviors without directly confronting national culture. Many professions, including aviation, ha ve strong cultures and develop their own norms and values (Helmreich, in press). for each one culture encompasses both positive and negative aspects. Aircrew for example has a high level of need and a strong sense of professional pride.The negative component, which is seen to be universal, is the inability to admit vulnerability to stressors. mass of pilots in almost all national cultures agree that their decision-making abilities are not hampered by personal problems and that it is as good in emergency situations as in normal situations. Furthermore, most of these pilots have indicated that they do not make errors even while under stress. This macho culture, when left uncorrected, can lead to risk taking, failure to coordinate with other crew members and error.Indeed, one focus of the 5th generation CRM program is to help pilots endorse that human error does occur and they are more vulnerable to it if they continue to deny the existence and effect of stressors. As stated earlie r, the organisational culture determines the principle of the organisation towards safety. One reason why CRM does not cant over results when it should is Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 13 the organisational context on which the program was delivered (Helmreich Merritt, 2000).Organisations may have a highly evolved safety culture and possesses a positive outlook on safety. Such organisations will most likely benefit from CRM and other intervention strategies. Others react only to safety threats once they are looming while nearly organisations give perfunctory attention to safety issues without really embracing a safety culture that works towards a highly effective accident prevention program. The current process of investigating errors during accidents also contributes to the apparently limited success of intervention strategies.Most accident reporting systems are primarily technological and have been designed with little regard to human factors. Such systems are on their wa y to being perfected in terms of identifying mechanical failures but in itself is also a bit of a failure when it comes to assessment of human errors (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). An examination of an accident investigation process may help occupy down the point. When an accident due to mechanical failure happens, investigators examine objective and quantifiable information such as that obtained from the flight data recorder.The data is processed and the probable causes of the accident are recorded so that safety recommendations can be identified. After the investigation, the data obtained is entered into a database which can be periodically accessed to house feedback to investigators. The information in the database can also be use by funding organizations to determine which researches to fund. As a result, intervention strategies are further developed to prevent mechanical failure from happening or mitigate consequences once they do happen (Helmreich Merritt, 2000).Either way, t he number of accidents due to mechanical failures has been greatly reduced. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 14 In contrast, investigations of accidents due to human errors produce results that are not discernible and are difficult to quantify. And because the studies of human factors came later than studies of mechanical failures, investigative techniques utilize in human error analysis are less refined than those used to assess engineering and design concerns.When these techniques are used to analyze accident data, the results are rarely very useful and safety issues cannot be readily addressed. Therefore any intervention dodge designed using this data is not assured of success. Taneja (2002) echoes this concern stating that human errors have been implicated in 70-80% of aircraft accidents demonstrating the very limited success of current intervention strategies and also proposes a solution a holistic approach to intervention strategies. To date, most researches on human fact ors in aviation have focused on specific aspects of aircraft accident prevention.Sarter and Alexander (2000) have observed that current researches on human error focus mainly on three key aspects the development of error salmagundi schemes, the design of error-tolerant systems, and error prevention through improved design and additional training (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Because accident prevention is such a wide field of study, it is very doable that certain aspects have been lose out or overlooked. Error framework also abound as almost every human factor researcher comes up with his own error framework.With so many intervention strategies proposed by researchers and some even practiced in the industry, thither have been inadequate attempts to integrate these strategies into a holistic solution. A holistic approach to intervention strategies involve looking at all the possible links to an aircraft accident in order to come up with an intervention that best fits an organisation . Basing on all the links, an organisation must assess in what area their weaknesses lie and determine if these need intervention.The intervention strategy to be used in a certain Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 15 organisation will therefore be customized according the weak links in the organisations system. The two links that are directly related to aviation accidents are the aircraft and the aircrew. Although accidents due to mechanical failures have been greatly reduced to advance in technology, there needs to be constant assessment of the aircraft in general and the human factors bear on the man-machine interface in particular (Taneja, 2002).Intervention strategies that can be applied to aircrew can be divided into two broad categories alternative and training. Ever since the knowledge that human factors contribute to aviation accidents, the selection process have been amended such that the pilots are not chosen based on technical skill alone but more so on their abilit y to coordinate with fellow aircrew, recognize their own errors and be willing to work with others to deal with these errors. Once chosen, the pilots training will have a great impact on his proficiency and possibly, on his ability to avoid accidents.potential interventions on these two main links can have a major influence on the number of accidents encountered by the organisation. The process of accident investigation, although a secondary link, should also be looked into in for possible intervention strategies. To date there is no benchmark as to the training and expertise a safety investigator must have. In order for a standardised level of investigation to be achieved, there needs to be a minimum with regards to the exposure an investigator must have. The investigative tools that the safety investigator uses could also be subject to an intervention.As discussed earlier, investigation techniques for human errors are inadequate at present and needs further researches in order the reach the level of refinement of evaluative techniques for mechanical failures. The kinds of human errors as discussed by Wiegmann and Shappell (2001) while developing HFACS, are also links that could be used to come up with more effective Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 16 intervention strategies. Furthermore, autopsy results during aircraft accidents, although ineffectual to prevent future accidents, can be used to design intervention strategies that will make an aircraft accident more survivable.Upon thoroughly assessing the links just mentioned and determining the areas that need intervention, it is recognized that the success of any strategy ultimately depends on the Organisational Safety Culture (Taneja, 2002). Toft (1989) defined an organisations safety culture as the set of norms, beliefs, attitudes and roles, social and technical practices that minimizes the exposure of the managers, employees and the general public to conditions considered dangerous or injurious (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Discussed in brief earlier, the way an organisation handles errors and error management strategies depend on its safety culture.A safety conscious organisation will not treat an accident as just other unavoidable circumstance but rather will focus its efforts in preventing future accidents from happening. A careful investigation that searches for the possible factors leading to the occurrence of the accident will be performed. Ideally, an organisation with a highly effective safety culture will aim to plug the hole in the Swiss high mallow model before another opportunity for a catastrophe will be created (Reason, 1990 as cited by Taneja, 2002).Even organisations that have a sound safety culture however can still be plagued by errors caused by human limitations such as fatigue, severe workloads, inadequate training, poorly-maintained equipment and errors caused by the air handicraft control which would consequently affect the aircrew and the organisation. E ven if the organisation has tried to remove every likely active and latent failure, chance errors can still take place (Heimrich Merritt, 2000). But every organisation is bound to have a loophole. Thus, constant monitoring of all aspects in the organisation , whether directly related to safety or not, is essential.Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 17 Because errors can arise from a manikin of sources, any single intervention strategy, such as the CRM must not be taken as a panacea for eliminating error. CRM is only a tool that organisations use to perform error management. All intervention strategies have its limitation the effects it will have on an organisation depends on the national culture, the strengths and weaknesses of the professional culture, and the organisational safety culture. Furthermore, the way the people at the frontline perceive the intervention strategy will affect the gist of such a strategy.In summary, the study of human factors affecting aircraft accide nts has fostered an abundance of researches in this field. With the conception of CRM almost three decades ago, numerous error frameworks and intervention strategies have been proposed and used. Unfortunately, such a plethora of studies have not created a significant reduction on human error-related aircraft accidents. Presumably because it is still a relatively newfangled field, the researches need more focus and the intervention strategies need more refinement. Intervention strategies have to address differences in national, professional and organisational culture.It is also important that intervention strategies be customized to a certain organisation to ensure a greater amount of success. With the continuous development and improvement of researches in this field, there will bound to be a breakthrough in time, and the success that has long been sought will finally be at hand. Human Factors in Aviation 18.References Helmreich, R. L. (in press). Culture, threat and error Assessin g system safety. In Safety in Aviation The Management Commitment Proceedings of a Conference. 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